3)++++Industrial+and+Artistic+Technology+-+Sumer+Rise


 * Industrial and Artistic Technology of **

 ×  Used clay  ×  Not always baked so deteriorated  ×  Used metals brought from other places  ×  Had no metals of own  ×  Used metals for decoration for furniture and pottery  ×  Kiln-baked bricks used for pavement  ×  Technology include wheel, cuneiform, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lance points, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, water skins, bags, harnesses, armour, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, and harpoons.  ×  Three main types of boats:  ×  Clinker-built sailboats stitched together w/ hair. Featuring bitumen waterproofing  ×  Skin boats constructed from animal skins and reeds  ×  Wooden-oared ships, sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks  ×  Usually clay masonry and complex forms of stacked bricks for buildings  ×  Bricks unbaked therefore eventually deteriorated  ×  Periodically destroyed, leveled and rebuilt in same spot  ×  Planned structural lifecycle eventually raised level of cities.  ×  Became elevated above surrounding area <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Resulting hills known as tells <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Civic buildings slowed decay by using cones of colored stones, terracotta panels and clay nails driven into the adobe-brick created a protective sheath decorated façade <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Had no forests and quarries <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Used adobe-brick (mud-brick) as main material <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Mud-brick preferred to vitrious brick because of better thermal properties and lower manufacturing costs. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Red brick used a little to make (and with water), decoration and monuments. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Later vitrious used to glaze brick <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Usually mortar less although bitumen sometimes used <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Brick styles varied over time were categorized by period. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Bricks being rounded somewhat unstable <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Sumerian bricklayers would lay a row of bricks perpendicular to rest every few rows. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Plano-Convex bricks had advantages such as speed of manufacturing as well as irregular surface held finishing plaster coats better than smooth surface from other brick types <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Other building materials used for sheathing, flooring, doors, roofing, and special uses. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Earth plaster – used to seal and finish exteriors and interiors of common homes <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Lime plaster – seal and finish exterior and interior of wealthy homes, places and temples. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Type of terrazzo used as flooring <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Date palm used for ceiling lintels <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Giant reeds used for roofing and rammed earth foundations <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Terracotta panels were decoration <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Bitumen used to seal plumbing <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Imported materials such as cedar from Lebanon, diorite from Arabia and lapis lazuli from India were all prized <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Kartika; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: Kartika;"> ×  Figurines sculpted from stone or metal
 * INDUSTRIAL AND ARTISTIC TECHNOLOGY: **

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