Charlemagne+-+The+Rise+Research+Summary

1) Agriculture & the Economy 2) Art, Literature & Music 3) Climate & Geography 4) Events & Leaders 5) Socio-Political Structure 6) Transportation & Weaponry

 __Agriculture & the Economy__

 1) __Art, Literature & Music__
 * Lots of wealth came from Charlemagne during the war.
 * When conquering the south and east.
 * Economy was largely based on land.
 * Lots of land was owned by monasteries and churches.
 * Large land was divided into manors.
 * Peasants lived on this land who owed dues to their lord.
 * The three field system used by peasants.
 * Many peasants lived close to one another. The men would work on the fields from the early morning.
 * In May they plowed one field, and the same one in the fall, planted seeds for winter crops.
 * Some of the crops where wheat, rye, and barely.
 * In February they plowed another field, planted seeds for the spring.
 * Some of the crops where oats, or beans.
 * Although they would always have an unused field, where farm animals would fertilize the soil.
 * Peasants also had other jobs.
 * There where vineyards, in which they made wine in, looked after farm animals, wove cloth and made clothing.
 * Peasants and Lords would sell their good for small silver coins, which was obtained in trade with Islamic.
 * Ended the economic depression in Western Europe.
 * Made a big change in currency.

2) 2.1) 2.2) 2.3) 2.4)
 * Art had a major impact in political and religious centers in northern Europe.
 * Churches and Cathedrals of the Carolingian time are best known for their size, towers, inner rooms and extensive chapel complexes.
 * The style of North European architecture is promoted by Charlemagne.
 * The Palatine Chapel is from this style.
 * Art such as Romanesque art, and Gothic art rose in this period.
 * This also included illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, mosaics, and frescos.
 * Charlemagne promotes church music.
 * Revived the western culture.
 * Charlemagne is known for being the creator of medieval education.
 * Palace school becomes a great turnout.
 * He brought in many scholars from other countries to teach his own people.
 * Such as Alcuin and English scholar, master of the school of York.
 * Charlemagne forms a library to the importance of manuscripts.
 * Charlemagne revived the copying of wide scale classical texts.

 __Climate & Geography__

3)
 * Climate – temperate and marine, in the path of the south occasional warm fohn wind. Temperature can increase up to 30°C.
 * Three main rivers, the Rhine, more than 865 km long, the Elbe more than 727 km long, and the Danube, more than 687 km long.
 * Terrain – is mostly flat land with a few mountains.

 __Events & Leaders__

4) 4.1) __Socio-Political Structure__
 * 742- Charlemagne’s exact year of birth is uncertain but it is most likely to be 742, born in Aachen to Pepin III and Bertha.
 * 768- When his father dies he receives half the land shared with Carloman, he receives land from the Atlantic coast of Aquitaine to Thuringia.
 * Is crowned a second time, at Noyon.
 * 771- His brother Carloman dies, Charlemagne seizes land and becomes sold king of all the Franks.
 * After not needing the Lombard alliance anymore he divorces his Lombard wife.
 * 771- Charlemagne becomes king of Franks.
 * 772- Pope Adrian I appeals to Charlemagne for military help.
 * 773- The Saxons start to attack the Frankish lands.
 * 773- Invades Lombard’s territories, after repudiating his wife; daughter of the Lombard king.
 * 773-774 Invades Italy, he also invades in 776,780-781,786-787.
 * 774- Charlemagne conquers Lombard kingdom.
 * 774- Spends Easter in Rome, First Frankish ruler to do so in the eternal city.
 * In 777, Charles called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom.
 * 778- Attempts to invade spain, After a futile siege of Saragossa, Charles ordered a retreat.
 * Eventually conquered northeastern Spain as far as the Ebro River and founded the Spanish.
 * 778- Fights the Arab and Christian Basques, retreats Spain, he asks the governors to make guerrilla war against the Arabs.
 * Organizes the Spanish March.
 * 782- Alcuin, English scholar, becomes head of Charlemagne’s palace school.
 * Alcuin becomes Charlemagne's closest academic advisor from 782-796.
 * 785- Charlemagne subdues Saxons and converts them by force to Christianity.
 * 785- Charlemagne set death as a penalty to any Saxon who refused to be baptized.
 * 787- Charlemagne invaded Bavaria, seized and imprisoned Tassilo.
 * 794- forced Tassilo to publicly renounce authority over Bavaria to Charlemagne.
 * In 786 a Thuringian revolt was quelled by the timely death, blinding, and banishment of its leaders.
 * In 789 Charlemagne marched an Austrasian-Saxon army across the Elbe into Obotrite territory.
 * Yearly revolts from 792-800 came from the Saxons.
 * Final one in 804.
 * In 794, he was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family (the Agilolfings) at the synod of Frankfurt.
 * In 795, the peace broken by the Saxons, the Abotrites and Wiltzes rose in arms with their new master against the Saxons.
 * 799- Pope Leo III seeks aid from Charlemagne to help with the rebellions.
 * 799- Charlemagne conquered Balearic Islands.
 * 800- on Christmas day Charlemagne’s coronation took place, he was crowned by Pope Leo in St. Peter’s.
 * 802- he offered marriage to Irene as a means of mutually legitimizing their dubious titles.
 * 805- the leader of the Avars was converted and entered Charlemagne’s custody.
 * 812- the Greek basileus recognized Charlemagne as co emperor.
 * 814- dies on 28 January age 71 buried at Aachen cathedral.

5.1)
 * Charlemagne developed the administrative system, making counts and bishops his agents in local government.
 * He introduced the missi dominici (teams of inspectors), which made one count and one bishop to go specific place to supervise fiscal and legal matters.
 * Reformed the Frankish monetary system in 790-794.
 * He increased the weight of the pound, and brought silver to the market.
 * This began the monometallic system of currency that prevailed in Western Europe till the 13th Century.
 * In 779 introduced the capitulary as a form of legal promulgation.
 * Charlemagne supplemented the Bavarian code.
 * In 800 he revised the codes for the two chief Frankish tribes, the Ripuarians and the Salians.
 * Encouraged the study of Church law.
 * Made a collection of 8th century papal letter to Frankish kings in the Codex Carolinus.
 * Helped the Christians out of Jerusalem.
 * Had a well founded government.
 * Got money from taxes and from wars.
 * Had annual assemblies where he would hear complaints.
 * Held strong relations with many people.

__Transportation & Weaponry__

6) 6.1)
 * Transportation was mostly horses or walking.
 * Charlemagne revived roads.
 * The Anglosaxon sword is widley used.
 * The Barbarian battle axe is introduced.

__ Citations __ 1) "Middle Ages - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework. 6 May 2009 . 2) "Carolingian art." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 6 May. 2009 . 2.1) "Carolingian Renaissance -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 7 May 2009 . 2.2) "Charlemagne and church music -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 7 May 2009 . 2.3) "education." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 7 May. 2009 . 2.4) "Latin literature." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 7 May. 2009 . 3) "Geography of Germany -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 7 May 2009 . 4) Armillas, Pedro. "Eighth Century." Encyclopedia Americana. 2009. Grolier Online. 7 May 2009 . 4.1) Morrison, K. F. "Charlemagne." Encyclopedia Americana. 2009. Grolier Online. 8 May 2009 <http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0087160-00>. 5) Morrison, K. F. "Charlemagne." Encyclopedia Americana. 2009. Grolier Online. 8 May 2009 <http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0087160-00>. 5.1) "Charlemagne Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Charlemagne." Encyclopedia - Online Dictionary | Encyclopedia.com: Get facts, articles, pictures, video. 8 May 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Charlemagne.aspx>. 6) "TEMPL: Weapons - antiquity and early middle age." __TEMPL: Who's Patrick Barta__. 9 May 2009 <http://www.templ.net/english/weapons-antiquity_and_early_middle_age.php>. 6.1) "Road (transportation) :: The Middle Ages -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." __Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia__. 9 May 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/505109/road/71895/The-Middle-Ages>.

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